Which of the following are components of soil?

The correct answer includes the complete array of constituents that make up soil: mineral matter, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Each of these components plays a crucial role in the formation and functionality of soil.

Mineral matter forms the bulk of the soil and provides essential nutrients to plants. This matter usually comes from the weathering of rocks. Organic matter, primarily derived from decomposed plants and animals, enriches the soil and improves its structure and nutrient-holding capacity. Water is essential for plant growth and serves as a medium for nutrient transport. Air in the soil is vital for the respiration of plant roots and soil organisms. Living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and insects, contribute to soil health by aiding in decomposition and nutrient cycling.

The other options do not provide the comprehensive view of soil composition. For instance, one option mentions rocks and phosphates, but it lacks the crucial components like organic matter and air. Another focuses on sand, silt, and clay without referencing the other essential elements—water, air, and living organisms that contribute to the biological activity and chemical processes within soil. Additionally, including pesticides alongside organic matter and nutrients presents a limited understanding of soil components, as it highlights a human-made element