What is the effect of heavy metals on soil?

Heavy metals can contaminate soil and inhibit plant growth, which is the correct interpretation of the impact they have on the environment. Such metals, which include lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, can accumulate in the soil due to various anthropogenic activities like industrial discharge, improper waste disposal, or mining activities. When present in high concentrations, these metals can be toxic to plants and soil organisms, disrupting nutrient uptake and negatively affecting growth and health.

Contaminated soil can lead to reduced plant biomass, stunted growth, and even plant mortality, as these metals can interfere with physiological processes and nutrient absorption. Additionally, heavy metals can adversely affect soil microbial communities, leading to decreased microbial diversity and activity, which are crucial for maintaining soil health and fertility. The presence of heavy metals, therefore, is detrimental rather than beneficial to the soil ecosystem.