What is a major threat to soil health in agricultural systems?

The overuse of synthetic fertilizers is a significant threat to soil health in agricultural systems due to several interrelated factors. When synthetic fertilizers are applied excessively, they can lead to nutrient imbalances in the soil. This imbalance often results in the depletion of vital micronutrients which are necessary for the health of soil organisms and plants alike.

Moreover, the high concentration of nitrates and phosphates from synthetic fertilizers can contribute to leaching into groundwater and runoff into nearby water bodies, leading to issues like water pollution and the formation of harmful algae blooms. These blooms can further disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

Additionally, synthetic fertilizers can alter the soil's pH and microbial activity. Healthy soils rely on a balanced community of microorganisms that help break down organic materials, cycle nutrients, and promote plant health. Overreliance on synthetic nutrients can diminish this microbial diversity, undermining the natural processes that enhance soil fertility.

In contrast, practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, and minimal tillage typically promote soil health. Crop rotation helps to manage soil nutrients and disrupt pest cycles; cover cropping enhances soil structure, reduces erosion, and improves biodiversity; and minimal tillage maintains soil integrity and reduces compaction. These practices contribute positively to the overall health and sustainability of soil in agricultural systems