What is a major factor contributing to soil degradation?

Compaction and erosion are significant factors contributing to soil degradation. Compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space, which in turn limits air and water movement in the soil. This can negatively affect root growth and the overall health of plants. Additionally, erosion, whether due to water or wind, removes the topsoil, which is typically the most fertile layer of soil rich in organic matter and vital nutrients. The combination of these two processes leads to decreased soil fertility, diminished agricultural productivity, and increased difficulty in supporting plant life.

In contrast, increased organic matter, improved irrigation techniques, and natural vegetation growth typically enhance soil quality and health. Organic matter contributes to soil structure, nutrient availability, and water retention. Improved irrigation techniques can prevent waterlogging and conserve soil moisture, leading to healthier crops. Natural vegetation growth helps protect soil from erosion while contributing organic materials as plants die and decompose, promoting soil health.