What impact does urbanization have on soil?

Urbanization significantly impacts soil primarily through processes such as compaction and increased erosion. When land is developed for urban use—such as building roads, homes, and commercial structures—heavy machinery is used, resulting in the compression of soil particles. Soil compaction reduces the pore spaces between soil grains, which can hinder water infiltration and root growth. This tight packing of soil can also lead to reduced aeration, affecting the overall health of the soil ecosystem.

Additionally, urban environments typically alter the natural landscape, which can contribute to increased erosion. As vegetation is removed to make way for construction, the protective covering that stabilizes soil is lost. This leads to higher rates of water runoff and, consequently, soil erosion, as there’s less organic matter and root systems to hold the soil in place. These changes can degrade soil quality, reduce its ability to retain moisture, and diminish its capacity to support plant growth.

In contrast, the other options present scenarios that are generally not associated with the effects of urbanization on soil. Urbanization typically leads to a decline in organic matter and biodiversity, as natural habitats are replaced with impervious surfaces. Improvement of drainage and nutrient retention is often not achieved in urban settings due to altered drainage patterns and reduced soil health. Finally