What effect does soil compaction have on crops?

Soil compaction significantly impacts the growing conditions for crops, primarily by decreasing water infiltration and root growth. When the soil becomes compacted, the particles are pressed closer together, which reduces the pore spaces between them. These pore spaces are crucial for air and water movement in the soil.

The compaction alters the soil structure, making it denser, which negatively affects the ability of roots to penetrate the soil. With diminished pore spaces, water cannot easily percolate through the soil, leading to poor drainage and reduced water availability to the plants. This condition can result in waterlogging during wet periods or drought stress when water is scarce.

Additionally, root growth is hindered because the mechanical resistance of compacted soil makes it more difficult for roots to expand and access necessary nutrients and moisture. Consequently, crops may exhibit stunted growth or reduced yields due to insufficient root development and inadequate soil moisture.

In contrast to the correct answer, the other options suggest benefits of compaction that do not align with the reality of how soil compaction affects agriculture. Enhancing root growth, improving air circulation, and increasing nutrient availability are all conditions that would generally support healthy crop production, but they do not occur as a result of compaction. Instead, compaction leads to