What does soil compaction typically result in?

Soil compaction typically results in decreased water retention. When soil becomes compacted, the particles are pressed closely together, reducing the size of the pore spaces between them. These pore spaces are crucial for holding water and allowing for proper drainage and air movement. With fewer and smaller pore spaces, the soil's ability to retain moisture is diminished, leading to an overall drop in water retention. This can hinder plant growth, as roots require both water and air for optimal health. The other options, such as increased air flow, improved water infiltration, and higher organic matter content, are fundamentally at odds with the effects of compaction, which primarily leads to negative outcomes for soil health.